Case Study: Great Wall

By the time of the Spring and Autumn period between the 8th and 5th century BC, the Chinese had mastered wall-building techniques. [21] The nations of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi, Han, Yan, and Zhongshan[22][23] all built enormous fortresses to defend their own boundaries throughout this time and the succeeding Warring States period. These walls were primarily formed of stone or by pounding soil and gravel between board frames to withstand the attack of small armaments such as swords and spears.

From Mamitu near Yumenguan to Liaodong, the Great Wall of the Han is the longest of all walls. King…