Rome and China: Ancient Superpowers and Their Mysterious Encounters

By JJ

Introduction

The Roman Empire and Han China were two of the greatest civilizations of the ancient world. Though separated by thousands of miles, these empires were aware of each other and had limited but fascinating interactions. From trade along the Silk Road to diplomatic attempts that never quite materialized, their relationship remains one of history’s most intriguing missed connections.

Trade: Silk, Glass, and Luxury Goods

One of the most tangible links between Rome and China was trade, particularly through the Silk Road. Though there was no direct contact between Roman and Chinese merchants, goods flowed through a network of intermediaries – mainly Persians and Central Asian traders.

Chinese Exports to Rome:

✅ Silk – The Romans were obsessed with Chinese silk, which became a luxury fabric worn by the elite. Roman writers like Seneca and Pliny the Elder criticized the demand for silk, calling it wasteful and morally corrupting.

✅ Porcelain & Lacquerware – Though less common than silk, some Chinese ceramics and lacquerware may have reached the Roman market.

Roman Exports to China:

✅ Glassware – Roman glassmaking was advanced, and Chinese records mention “translucent glass” from the West.