The morning routine of Emperor Qianlong (r. 1735 – 1796) reflected his role as a Confucian ruler, blending governance, ritual, and personal discipline. Here’s an outline based on historical accounts:

1. Pre-Dawn Start

• Wake-Up: The Qianlong Emperor typically rose before dawn, around 4–5 AM, consistent with Confucian principles that valued early rising for discipline and productivity.

• Preparation: He would cleanse himself, perform ablutions, and don ceremonial robes suited for the day’s activities.

2. Morning Audience (Zao Chao)

• Inspection of Documents: Before the formal audience, Qianlong reviewed memorials (奏折) submitted by officials. These contained reports, requests, or updates on state affairs.

• Meeting with Officials: High-ranking ministers gathered to discuss key matters of state. The emperor’s decisions on these issues shaped daily governance.

3. Ritual Offerings

• Ancestral Worship: He often performed or oversaw ceremonies honoring ancestors and deities at the Imperial Ancestral Temple or within the Forbidden City. These rites reinforced the Mandate of Heaven and his legitimacy as emperor.

4. Personal Study and Arts

• Calligraphy and Poetry: Qianlong was a prolific poet and calligrapher. He devoted part of his morning to artistic pursuits, often composing poems…